# Vim documentation: usr_12

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    *usr_12.txt*	For Vim version 6.0aq.  Last change: 2001 Jul 28

    		     VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar

    				Clever tricks

    By combining several commands you can make Vim do nearly everything.  In this
    chapter a number of useful combinations will be presented.  This uses the
    commands introduced in the previous chapters and a few more.

    |12.1|	Replace a word
    |12.2|	Change "Last, First" to "First Last"
    |12.3|	Sort a list
    |12.4|	Count words
    |12.5|	Find a man page
    |12.6|	Trim blanks
    |12.7|	Find where a word is used

         Next chapter: |usr_20.txt|  Typing command-line commands quickly
     Previous chapter: |usr_11.txt|  Recovering from a crash
    Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|

    ==============================================================================

    *12.1*	Replace a word

    The substitute command can be used to replace all occurences of a word with
    another word:

    	:%s/four/4/g

    The "%" range means to replace in all lines.  The "g" flag at the end causes
    all words in a line to be replaced.
       This will not do the right thing if your file also contains "thirtyfour".
    It would be replaced with "thirty4".  To avoid this, use the "\<" item to
    match the start of a word:

    	:%s/\<four/4/g

    Obviously, this still goes wrong on "fourty".  Use "\>" to match the end of a
    word:

    	:%s/\<four\>/4/g

    If you are programming, you might want to replace "four" in comments, but not
    in the code.  Since this is difficult to specify, add the "c" flag to have the
    substitute command prompt you for each replacement:

    	:%s/\<four\>/4/gc

    REPLACING IN SEVERAL FILES

    Suppose you want to replace a word in more than one file.  You could edit each
    file and type the command manually.  It's a lot faster to use record and
    playback.
       Let's assume you have a directory with C++ files, all ending in ".cpp".
    There is a function called "GetResp" that you want to rename to "GetAnswer".

    	vim *.cpp		Start Vim, defining the argument list to
    				contain all the C++ files.  You are now in the
    				first file.
    	qq			Start recording into the q register
    	:%s/\<GetResp\>/GetAnswer/g
    				Do the replacements in the first file.
    	:wnext			Write this file and move to the next one.
    	q			Stop recording.
    	@q			Execute the q register.  This will replay the
    				substitution and ":wnext".  You can verify
    				that this doesn't produce an error message.
    	999@q Execute the q register on the remaining files.

    At the last file you will get an error message, because ":wnext" cannot move
    to the next file.  This stops the execution, and everything is done.

    	Note:
    	When playing back a recorded sequence, an error stops the execution.
    	Therefore, make sure you don't get an error message when recording.

    There is one catch: If one of the .cpp files does not contain the word
    "GetResp", you will get an error and replacing will stop.  To avoid this, add
    the "e" flag to the substitute command:

    	:%s/\<GetResp\>/GetAnswer/ge

    The "e" flag tells ":substitute" that not finding a match is not an error.

    ==============================================================================

    *12.2*	Change "Last, First" to "First Last"

    You have a list of names in this form:

    	Doe, John
    	Smith, Peter

    You want to change that to:

    	John Doe
    	Peter Smith

    This can be done with just one command:

    	:%s/\([^,]*\), \(.*\)/\2 \1/

    Let's break this down in parts.  Obviously it starts with a substitute
    command.  The "%" is the line range, which stands for the whole file.  Thus
    the substitution is done in every line in the file.
       The arguments for the substitute command are "/from/to/".  The slashes
    separate the "from" pattern and the "to" string.  This is what the "from"
    pattern contains:
    							\([^,]*\), \(.*\)

    	The first part between \( \) matches "Last"	\(     \)
    	    match anything but a comma			  [^,]
    	    any number of times				      *
    	matches ", " literally					 ,
    	The second part between \( \) matches "First"		   \(  \)
    	    any character					     .
    	    any number of times					      *

    In the "to" part we have "\2" and "\1".  These are called backreferences.  The
    refer to the text matched by the \( \) parts in the pattern.  "\2" refers to
    the text matched by the second "\( \)", which is the "First" name.  "\1"
    refers to the first \( \), which is the "Last" name.
       You can use up to nine backreferences in the "to" part of a substitute
    command.  "\0" stands for the whole matched pattern.  There are a few more
    special items in a substitute command, see |sub-replace-special|.

    ==============================================================================

    *12.3*	Sort a list

    In a Makefile you often have a list of files.  For example:

    	OBJS = \
    		version.o \
    		pch.o \
    		getopt.o \
    		util.o \
    		getopt1.o \
    		inp.o \
    		patch.o \
    		backup.o

    To sort this list, filter the text through the external sort command:

    	/^OBJS
    	j
    	:.,/^$/-1!sort

    This goes to the first line, where "OBJS" is the first thing in the line.
    Then it goes one line down and filters the lines until the next empty line.
    You could also select the lines in Visual mode and then use "!sort".  That's
    easier to type, but more work when there are many lines.
       The result is this:

    	OBJS = \
    		backup.o
    		getopt.o \
    		getopt1.o \
    		inp.o \
    		patch.o \
    		pch.o \
    		util.o \
    		version.o \

    Notice that a backslash at the end of each line is used to indicate the line
    continues.  After sorting, this is wrong!  The "backup.o" line that was at
    the end didn't have a backslash.  Now that it sorts to another place, it
    must have a backslash.
       The simplest solution is to add the backslash with "A \<Esc>".  You can
    keep the backslash in the last line, if you make sure an empty line comes
    after it.  That way you don't have this problem again.

    ==============================================================================

    *12.4*	Count words

    Sometimes you have to write a text with a maximum number of words.  Vim can
    count the words for you.
       When the whole file is what you want to count the words in, use this
    command:

    	g CTRL-G

    Do not type a space after the g, this is just used here to make the command
    easy to read.
       The output looks like this:

    	Col 1 of 0; Line 141 of 157; Word 748 of 774; Byte 4489 of 4976

    You can see on which word you are (748), and the total number of words in the
    file (774).

    When the text is only part of a file, you could move to the start of the text,
    type "g CTRL-G", move to the end of the text, type "g CTRL-G" again, and then
    use your brain to compute the difference in the word position.  That's a good
    exercise, but there is an easier way.  With Visual mode, select the text you
    want to count words in.  Then type g CTRL-G.  The result:

    	Selected 5 of 293 Lines; 70 of 1884 Words; 359 of 10928 Bytes

    For other ways to count words, lines and other items, see |count-items|.

    ==============================================================================

    *12.5*	Find a man page

    While editing a shell script or C program, you are using a command or function
    that you want to find the man page for (this is on Unix).  Let's first use a
    simple way: Move the cursor to the word you want to find help on and press

    	K

    Vim will run the external "man" program on the word.  If the man page is
    found, it is displayed.  This uses the normal pager to scroll through the text
    (mostly the "more" program).  When you get to the end pressing <Enter> will
    get you back into Vim.

    A disadvantage is that you can't see the man page and the text you are working
    on at the same time.  There is a trick to make the man page appear in a Vim
    window.  First, load the man filetype plugin:

    	:source $VIMRUNTIME/ftplugin/man.vim

    Put this command in your vimrc file if you intend to do this often.  Now you
    can use the ":Man" command to open a window on a man page:

    	:Man csh

    You can scroll around and the text is highlighted.  This allows you to find
    the help you were looking for.  Use CTRL-W w to jump to the window with the
    text you were working on.
       To find a man page in a specific section, put the section number first.
    For example, to look in section 3 for "echo":

    	:Man 3 echo

    To jump to another man page, which is in the text with the typical form
    "word(1)", press CTRL-] on it.  Further ":Man" commands will use the same
    window.

    To display a man page for the word under the cursor, use this:

    	\K

    (If you redefined the <Leader>, use it instead of the backslash).
    For example, you want to know the return value of "strstr()" while editing
    this line:

    	if (strstr(input, "aap") == )

    Move the cursor to somewhere on "strstr" and type "\K".  A window will open
    to display the man page for strstr().

    ==============================================================================

    *12.6*	Trim blanks

    Some people find spaces and tabs at the end of a line useless, wasteful, and
    ugly.  To remove whitespace at the end of every line, execute the following
    command:

    	:%s/\s\+$//

    The line range "%" is used, thus this works on the whole file.  The pattern
    that the ":substitute" command matches with is "\s\+$".  This finds white
    space characters (\s), 1 or more of them (\+), before the end-of-line ($).
    Later will be explained how you write patterns like this |usr_27.txt|.
       The "to" part of the substitute command is empty: "//".  Thus it replaces
    with nothing, effectively deleting the matched white space.

    Another wasteful use of spaces is placing them before a Tab.  Often these can
    be deleted without changing the amount of white space.  But not always!
    Therefore, you can best do this manually.  Use this search command:

    	/

    You cannot see it, but there is a space before a tab in this command.  Thus
    it's "/<Space><Tab>".   Now use "x" to delete the space and check that the
    amount of white space doesn't change.  You might have to insert a Tab if it
    does change.  Type "n" to find the next match.  Repeat this until no more
    matches can be found.

    ==============================================================================

    *12.7*	Find where a word is used

    If you are a UNIX user, you can use a combination of Vim and the grep command
    to edit all the files that contain a given word.  This is extremely useful if
    you are working on a program and want to view or edit all the files that
    contain a specific variable.
       For example, suppose you want to edit all the C program files that contain
    the word "frame_counter".  To do this you use the command:

    	vim `grep -l frame_counter *.c`

    Let's look at this command in detail.  The grep command searches through a set
    of files for a given word.  Because the -l argument is specified, the command
    will only list the files containing the word and not print the matching lines.
    The word it is searching for is "frame_counter".  Actually, this can be any
    regular expression.  (Note: What grep uses for regular expressions is not
    exactly the same as what Vim uses.)
       The entire command is enclosed in backticks (`).  This tells the UNIX shell
    to run this command and pretend that the results were typed on the command
    line.  So what happens is that the grep command is run and produces a list of
    files, these files are put on the Vim command line.  This results in Vim
    editing the file list that is the output of grep.  You can then use commands
    like ":next" and ":first" to browse through the files.

    FINDING EACH LINE

    The above command only finds the files in which the word is found.  You still
    have to find the word within the files.
       Vim has a built-in command that you can use to search a set of files for a
    given string.  If you want to find all occurrences of "error_string" in all C
    program files, for example, enter the following command:

    	:grep error_string *.c

    This causes Vim to search for the string "error_string" in all the specified
    files (*.c).  The editor will now open the first file where a match is found
    and position the cursor on the first matching line.  To go to the next
    matching line (no matter in what it is file), use the ":cnext" command.  To go
    to the previous match, use the ":cprev" command.  Use ":clist" to see all the
    matches and where they are.
       The ":grep" command uses the external commands grep (on Unix) or findstr
    (on Windows).  You can change this by setting the option 'grepprg'.

    ==============================================================================

    Next chapter: |usr_20.txt|  Typing command-line commands quickly

    Copyright: see |manual-copyright|  vim:tw=78:
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